goat stomach upset problem

भुडी फुल्ने समस्या खासगरी निम्न कारणबाट उत्पन्न हुने गर्दछ


आकस्मिकरुपमा ठाउँ÷वातावरण र आहारमा परिवर्तन भएमा
धेरै प्रोटिनमिश्रित खाद्य पदार्थहरु खाएमा
विषालु घाँसपात खाएमा
आन्तरिक परजीवीहरुले संक्रमण गरेमा
घाँटीमा खाना अड्किएर सास फेर्न अप्ठेरो भएमा
अन्य रोगहरुका कारणबाट पनि हुन सक्छ ।


                                लक्षणहरु
पेटमा ग्यास उत्पन्न हुने, खासगरी बायाँ पेटमा यस्तो हुन्छ
सास फेर्न कठिन हुने
छट्पटिने
दिसापिसाब गर्न नसक्ने÷बन्द हुने
समयमा उपचार नपाएमा मर्ने सम्भावना हुने ।
बाख्राले विषालु घाँस खाएका
बान्ता गर्ने, छेरौटी लाग्ने र
पेट फुल्ने समस्या
समयमा उपचार नभएर पशु
मर्न सक्छ
विष हटाउने औषधी (एण्टिडोट) सुई
दिएर उपचार गर्न सकिन्छ
सम्भव भएसम्म स्थानीयरुपमा उपलब्ध हुने
विभिन्न घरेलु औषधीहरु खुवाउन

२–५ चिया चम्चा म्याग्नेसियम सल्फेट ३०० मि.लि. पानीमा मिसाई प्रति बयस्क
बाख्रालाई खुवाउने
माथिका उपायहरु अपनाउँदा पनि विष खाएको बाख्रामा कुनै सुधार देखिएन भने
नजिकको पशु प्राविधिकसँग तुरुन्त सम्पर्क गरी उपचारको व्यवस्था मिलाउने ।

                                           उपचार कसरी गर्ने?
टिम्पोल वा ब्लाटोसिलद्वारा उपचार
खाने तेल र तार्पिनको तेल बराबर मात्रा मिलाएर खुवाउने
एभिल; प्रति कि.ग्रा. बाख्राको जीवित तौलका लागि १ मि.लि. का दरले मासुमा वा
नसामा सूई दिने
म्याग्नेसियम सल्फेट आधा लिटर पानीमा १ चियाचम्चा औषधी राखेर खुवाउने ।


                                                    छेरौटी
छेरौटी लाग्नाका कारणहरु
खाना, ठाउँ र वातावरणमा आकस्मिक परिवर्तन भएमा
धेरै प्रोटि मिश्रित खाद्य पदार्थ खाएमा
विषालु घाँसपात खाएमा
आन्तरिक परजीवीहरुले संक्रमन गरेमा
अन्य रोगहरु लाग्दा पनि छेरौटी लाग्न सक्छ ।

                                           लक्षणहरु
पातलो दिसा हुने
शरीरको तौल घट्दै जाने
दूध उत्पादन घट्दै जाने
बढी प्यास÷तिर्खा लाग्ने र शरीरमा पानीको मात्रा कम हुने (डिहाइडे«सन)

                                          उपचार कसरी गर्ने?
नेब्लोन पाउडर र सल्फा वर्गका औषधीसँगै प्रयागे गर्ने ।
यदि आन्तरिक परजीवीका कारणबाट छेरौटी लागेको हो भने सोका लागि औषधी
खुवाउनै पर्छ ।
खोर वरिपरिको वातावरण, भुइँ, पानी आदिको सर–सफाइ र स्वस्थतामा बढी जोड
दिनुपर्छ ।
शरीरमा पानी कम हुने हुँदा सोका लागि जीवनजल बनाई खुवाउने, जीवलजल
बनाउदा ५०० मि.लि. पानीमा १ चिया चम्चा नुन र ३ चिया चम्चा चिनी राख्ने ।
साथै स्थानीय पशु स्वास्थ्य प्राविधिकको परामर्श र सहयोग लिने ।

goat food poision and cure

                    केही विषालु   घाँसपातहरु
धेरै खालका बालीहरु, घाँसपात तथा डालेघाँसहरुमा विषालु तत्व हुने गर्छ । त्यस्ता वस्तु
खाएमा बाख्राहरुलाई विषले असर पार्दछ । कतिपय बाली÷ वोट बिरुवा र घाँसपात धेरै
कलिलो अवस्थामा खुवाउँदा विषालु प्रकृतिका हुन्छन्, जस्तैः जईघाँस, गहुँ, मकै, सुडान घाँस,
स्वीट–क्लोभर÷सेतो–क्लोभर आदि । यी घाँसपात कलिलो खुवाइयो भने नाईटे«ट नामक विषको
असर पुग्दछ ।
                                             विष लाग्दा देखिनेलक्षणहरु
मुखवरिपरि गाज÷फीँज भरिने
पेट दुख्ने
छट्पटाउने
गर्भिणी बाख्राले विषालु घाँस खाँदा गर्भ तुहिने सम्भावना बढी हुनसक्छ
मांसपेसी बढी खुम्चिने÷थर्थराउने
थोरै–थोरै पिसाब पटक–पटक गर्ने
दूधालु बाख्राले दूधको मात्रा घटाउने
देब्रेपट्टिको भुँडी फुलेको देखिने ।

 
                                      उपचार कसरी गर्ने?
पशु स्वास्थ्य प्राविधिकको सहयोगबाट मिथाइलिन ब्लु–२० नामक औषधी ४० मि.लि.
दिनको चारपटक नसामा सूई दिने ।
तरल प्याफिन औषधी खुवाउने ।
उपरोक्त औषधीहरु उपलब्ध नभएको खण्डमा स्थानीयरुपमा उपलब्ध वस्तु÷
सामग्रीहरुलाई औषधीको रुपमा प्रयोग गर्ने ।


                                        लक्षणहरु
रगतले अक्सिजन लिने क्षमता घट्छ र रगतमा अक्सिजनको मात्रा न्यून हुन जान्छ ।
सास फेर्न गाह्रो हुन्छ र बल्ल बल्ल श्वास–प्रश्वास चलेको देखिन्छ ।
मुखको वरिपरि गाज÷फिँज देखिन्छ ।
आँखाका नानीहरु ठूल्ठूला देखिन्छन् ।
मांसपेसीहरु खुम्चिएको र कम्पन भएको देखिन्छ ।

                                  उपचार कसरी गर्ने?
१० ग्राम सोडियम थायोसल्फेट नामक औषधी १०० मि.लि. पानीमा मिसाई खुवाउने ।
रुमेन बोलस नामक औषधी सोही प्याकेटमा सिफारिस भएअनुसार खुवाउने ।
म्याग्नेसियम सल्फेट २ देखि ५ चियाचम्चा १०० मि.लि. (एक चिया गिलास) पानीमा
मिसाई खुवाउने र दिसा गराउने ।
नसाबाट नर्मल सलाइन दिने ।


          अज्ञात बोटबिरुवा खाँदा लाग्नेविष र उपचार लक्षणहरु
बाख्रा चर्न छोड्छ र उग्राउन पनि छोड्छ ।
बाख्रा एकदम निस्क्रिय ÷झोकाउने र उदास जस्तो देखिन्छ ।
मुख वरिपरि गाज निकाल्छ ।
पेटको देब्रेपट्टिको भाग फुलेको देखिन्छ ।
पखाला लाग्न पनि सक्छ ।

                             उपचार 
उन्यू खाँदा बाख्राले रातो रङ्गको पिसाब गर्छन् ।
विष लागे–नलागेकोपहिचान गर्ने तरिका
विषालुरहित पारेको (स्टेरिलाइज्ड गरेको) गिलासमा पिसाब राख्ने, २४ घण्टासम्म त्यो
गिलासलाई कसैले नछुने÷नचलाउने र २४ घण्टापछि राम्रोसँग अवलोकन गर्ने ।
यदि गिलासको पिँधमा केही थिग्रिएको जस्तो (sediments) देखिन्छ भने त्यस्तो
अवस्थामा बाख्रामा प्रोटोजोआबाट हुने रोग लागेको हुनसक्छ, तसर्थ त्यो गिलासको
पिसाब नजिकको पशुस्वास्थ्य प्रयोगशालामा लगी परीक्षण गराउने ।
यदि त्यो पिसाबमा एकनासको रङ्ग देखिन्छ भने त्यो उन्यू खाएका कारणले विष
उत्पन्न भएको हुनसक्छ ।
                                उपचार कसरी गर्ने?
उन्यू पलाएको चरन–क्षेत्रमा बाख्रालाई चराउन लानुहुंँदैन ।


                   बाजरा÷सोर्घम÷जुनेलोकोघाँस खाँदा उत्पन्न हुनसक्नेविष र उपचार
यी बालीका घाँसहरु कलिलो अवस्थामा खुवाइयो भने बाख्रालाई विष लाग्नसक्छ । यस्ता
घाँस कलिलो हुँदा तिनमा साइनाइडस् (cyanides) नामक विषालु तत्व उच्चमात्रामा रहेको
हुन्छ । यी घाँसहरु खुवाउनु परेमा एकरात ओइलाएरमात्र खुवाउने ।

                                लक्षणहरु
रगतले अक्सिजन लिने क्षमता घट्छ र रगतमा अक्सिजनको मात्रा न्यून हुन जान्छ ।
सास फेर्न गाह्रो हुन्छ र बल्ल बल्ल श्वास–प्रश्वास चलेको देखिन्छ ।
मुखको वरिपरि गाज÷फिँज देखिन्छ ।
आँखाका नानीहरु ठूल्ठूला देखिन्छन् ।
मांसपेसीहरु खुम्चिएको र कम्पन भएको देखिन्छ ।

                                 उपचार 
१० ग्राम सोडियम थायोसल्फेट नामक औषधी १०० मि.लि. पानीमा मिसाई खुवाउने ।
रुमेन बोलस नामक औषधी सोही प्याकेटमा सिफारिस भएअनुसार खुवाउने ।
म्याग्नेसियम सल्फेट २ देखि ५ चियाचम्चा १०० मि.लि. (एक चिया गिलास) पानीमा
मिसाई खुवाउने र दिसा गराउने ।
नसाबाट नर्मल सलाइन दिने ।

     अँगेरी, दर्शनपिपल, नीलोफुल्नेगन्धे, धोक्रे, आरुपाते, रातोशिरीष खाएमा  लाग्नेविष


लामो सुख्खा यामपछि पहिलोपटक पालुवा लाग्ने उपर्युक्त वनस्पतिका मुण्टा÷घाँस बाख्राले
खाएमा तुरुन्त विष लाग्न सक्छ । यस्तोमा देखिने लक्षणहरु, यस प्रकार छन्
लक्षणहरु
मुखवरिपरि गाज निकाल्ने
मुखबाट ¥याल बगिरहने
बाख्राले ‘मात्तिएको’ जस्तो व्यवहार देखाउन थाल्छ
देब्रेपट्टिको भुँडी फुलेको देखिन्छ
बारम्बार बान्ता गर्ने
छेरौटी लाग्छ÷पातलो दिसा गर्छ
झोक्राउने÷उदास देखिने
आँखाका नानीहरु राता–राता देखिन्छन्
शरीरको तापक्रम सामान्य अवस्थामा भन्दा घट्छ

                                  उपचार
प्रति बयस्क बाख्रा ३ देखि ५ लिटर पानी खुवाउने ।
प्रति बयस्क बाख्रा खाना पकाउने तेल २५० मि.लि. का दरले खुवाउने ।
उमालेको अमिलो १०० मि.लि. लाई आधा लिटर पानीमा मिसाई प्रति बयस्क बाख्रालाई
खुवाउन
२–५ चिया चम्चा म्याग्नेसियम सल्फेट ३०० मि.लि. पानीमा मिसाई प्रति बयस्क
बाख्रालाई खुवाउने
माथिका उपायहरु अपनाउँदा पनि विष खाएको बाख्रामा कुनै सुधार देखिएन भने
नजिकको पशु प्राविधिकसँग तुरुन्त सम्पर्क गरी उपचारको व्यवस्था मिलाउने ।

                                                     

goat farm in nepal

                                               पाचन–प्रणालीसँग सम्बन्धित समस्याहरु
खानमा रुचि नदेखाउने ।
पेट फुल्ने÷ढाडिने ।
पखाला लाग्ने÷कब्जियत हुने÷गोटा पर्ने ।
अपच हुने ।
विषाक्त(food poisoning) हुने ।


                            दाना वा भोज भतेरमा फालिएका खानेकुरा बढी खाएमा देखापर्ने समस्याहरु
ग्यास उत्पन्न हुने, पेट फुल्ने (टिम्प्यानी÷ब्लोट हुने) ।
सास फेर्न अप्ठेरो हुने ।
छिटो छिटो, थोरै थोरै पिसाब गर्ने ।
कराउने र छट्पटाउने ।
दिसा गर्दा गाह्रो भएर कन्ने र बारम्बार दिसा गर्न खोज्ने ।
मात्तिएझैं गर्ने र घरिघरि भुइँमा लड्ने ।
यस्तो हुँदा समयमै उपचार गर्न सकिएन भने बाख्रा मर्न पनि सक्छ ।


                                            उपचार विधि
उपचारका लागि स्थानीय रुपमा उपलब्ध विभिन्न बस्तुहरुको प्रयोग गर्ने, जस्तैः हिंग,
खानेसोडा, गाँजा, अदुवा, तोरीको तेल, टिमुर आदि खुवाउने ।
म्याग्नेसियम सल्फेट प्रयोग गर्ने ।
समयमै स्थानीय प्राविधिक वा ग्रामीण पशुस्वस्थ्य कार्यकर्तासँग सम्पर्क गरी उपचारको
व्यवस्था मिलाउने ।

                                       विशेष सतर्कता अपनाउनुपर्ने कुराहरु
विस्कुन सुकाएको ठाउँ वा अन्न राखेको ठाउँबाट बाख्राहरुलाई टाढा राख्ने ।
बाख्राहरुलाई अन्न÷दाना दिँदा बढ्ता हुनेगरी नदिने ।
भोज–भतेरहरुमा फालिएका खानेकुराहरुलाई राम्रोसँग नपकाई नदिने । साथै धेरै
परिमाण खान पनि नदिने ।
प्रोटिनको मात्रा बढी हुने खालका घाँसहरु पनि धेरै खान नदिने ।
बाख्रालाई सबैभन्दा राम्रो हुने खालका घाँसहरु मात्र खोजेर ल्याउने । अलग्याएर
ख्वाउने व्यवस्था मिलाउने ।

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पीपीआर रोग

पीपीआर रोग
विषाणुबाट हुन्छ
एकदमै संक्रामक÷छिटो छिटो सर्ने प्रवृत्तिको हुन्छ
यसलाई ‘बाख्राको हैजा’ भनेर पनि चिनिन्छ ।

प्रमुख सरुवा ९ऋयलतबनष्यगक० रोगहरु
बाख्रापालन ः कृषकहरुका लागि हाते–पुस्तक द्धज्ञ
पीपीआर लाग्दा प्रारम्भिक अवस्थामा देखिनेलक्षणहरु
अत्यधिक ज्वरो आउने (१०४ डिग्री सेण्टिग्रेडदेखि १०६ डिग्री सेण्टिग्रेडसम्म)
मुख र थुतुनोको भाग सुख्खा हुने
शरीरको सतह खस्रो देखिने÷जिङ्रिङ्ग परेको देखिने
आँखाका नानीहरु राता–राता हुँदै जाने
खानमा पटक्कै रुचि नदेखाउने ।
बढी संक्रमण भएकोअवस्थामा देखिनेलक्षणहरु
नाकबाट पानी जस्तो सिँगान बगिरहने र पीप मिसिएजस्तो पनि देखिन्छ ।
नाकका प्वालहरुको भित्रपट्टि घाउसमेत हुन्छ ।
गिजा, जिब्रो र मुख वरिपरि स–साना घाउ आउँछन् ।
खोरेत रोग लागेको जस्तो लक्षण देखिन्छ र गाढा कालो र पातलो खालको दिसा गर्छ ।
शरीरमा पानीको मात्रा कम भएर अत्यधिक प्यास लाग्छ ।
शरीरको तापक्रम सामान्यभन्दा पनि तल घट्छ ।
३–४ दिन पछि पशुमा निमोनिया, खोकी र श्वास–प्रश्वासको समस्या उत्पन्न हुन थाल्छ ।
बाख्री गर्भिणी छे भने गर्भ तुहिने समस्या पनि हुनसक्छ ।
पाठा–पाठी र वयस्क बाख्राहरुमा मृत्युदर बढी हुनसक्छ
संक्रमण भएको ५ देखि १० दिनमा उपचार पाएन भने पशु मर्न पनि सक्छ ।
रोग सर्ने माध्यमहरु
रोगी र स्वस्थ बाख्राबीच सम्पर्क÷संसर्ग भएमा
रोगी पशुले खाएका दाना–पानी–घाँस निरोगीले खाएमा वा रोगीले प्रयोग गरेको गोठ,
खोर तथा चरन–क्षेत्रमा चरेमा
नियन्त्रणका उपायहरु
प्रत्येक २–२ वर्षमा गाउँका सम्पूर्ण बाख्राहरुलाई खोप दिने व्यवस्था मिलाउने ।
नयाँ बाख्रा गाउँमा ल्याउनुपर्छ भने खोप लगाए–नलगाएको निश्चित गरी खोप
लगाएरमात्र ल्याउने ।
उपचार
पशुमा संक्रमण भइसकेपछि उपचार गर्न कठिन छ । तसर्थ रोग लाग्न नदिनु नै
सबैभन्दा उत्तम उपाय भएकाले रोकथामका उपायहरु अवलम्बन गर्ने ।

सीपीपी

सीपीपी ‑सर्ने खालकोपुरानोनिमोनिया)
जीवाणुका कारणबाट हुने
मृत्युदर अत्यधिक बढी हुन्छ (६० प्रतिशतदेखि १०० प्रतिशतसम्म)
लक्षणहरु
बाख्रा साह्रै कमजोर देखिन्छ
खानमा रुचि नदेखाउने
अत्यधिक ज्वरो आउने
बेलाबेलामा खोक्ने
श्वासप्रश्वासमा कठिनाइ हुने
कतिपय जनावरमा मुटुको धड्कनमा अनियमितता देखिने, जोर्नी तथा मस्तिष्कमा समेत
फरकपन देखिन सक्छ ।
रोग सर्ने माध्यमहरु
रोगी पशु र स्वस्थ पशुबीच सम्पर्क भएमा
रोगी पशुले खाएको दाना–पानी वा गोठ÷खोर, चरन–क्षेत्र प्रयोग भएमा ।
नियन्त्रणका उपायहरु
गाउँका सबै प्रकारका बाख्राहरुलाई रोगबिरुद्ध सूई लगाउनुपर्छ ।
गाउँमा नयाँ पशु÷बाख्रा ल्याउनु प¥यो भने उक्त पशु÷बाख्राले रोग विरुद्धको सूई लिएकै
हुनुपर्छ ।
बथानबाट रोगी पशुलाई तुरुन्त अलग्याएर राख्नुपर्छ ।
रोगी पशुको सम्पर्क÷संसर्गमा आएका सम्पूर्ण वस्तुहरु नष्ट गर्नुपर्छ ।
उपचार तरिका
टाइलोसिन ९त्थयिकष्लभ० नामक औषधी सिफारिस गरिएको मात्रा अनुसार खुवाउने वा
मासुमा सूई दिने ।

himalayan goat breeding farm., bungkot gorkha nepal

Anthrax is a naturally occuring disease with worldwide distribution. It is caused by Bacillus anthracis, a spore-forming bacteria that can remain alive, but dormant in the soil for many years. The bacteria can "bloom" and contaminate surface soil and grass after periods of wet, cool weather, followed by several weeks of hot, dry conditions.

Grazing animals--such as cattle, sheep, goats, exotic and domestic deer, and horses--ingest anthrax bacteria when they consume contaminated grass. By the time an animal displays signs of disease, including staggering, trembling, convulsions, or bleeding from body openings, death usually follows.

Domestic and wild swine are fairly resistant to anthrax and although they may become ill, some of these animals recover fully.

Anthrax outbreaks depend on two factors working together: the presence of the spores in the soil...and suitable weather conditions. Outbreaks usually end when cool weather arrives and the bacteria becomes dormant.

An outbreak may occur one year, but not the next. Death loss may occur in one pasture, while animals nearby remain healthy.

When anthrax outbreak begins,veterinarians will have the initial cases confirmed through laboratory tests conducted at the Texas Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory in College Station. Subsequent cases in an outbreak are to be expected and may be diagnosed clinically, based on disease signs and sudden death loss.
During an Outbreak...Protecting Animal Health
An effective anthrax vaccine can be purchased through private veterinary practitioners, feed stores or animal health product distributors. The injection can be administered by private veterinary practitioners or ranchers and is recommended for:
livestock residing in or near an outbreak
animals that will be moved into the area, such as horses transported to trail rides.
When administering the vaccine, wear a long-sleeved shirt and use latex or work gloves to prevent skin contamination with this "live" vaccine. Consult your physician for treatment if you suffer a "needle stick," splash vaccine in cuts or scratches, or if you develop a sore after handling vaccine or livestock.

During an outbreak, white-tailed deer often suffer the most from the disease,as they cannot be "rounded up" and handled like domestic or farmed exotic livestock. Furthermore, the anthrax vaccine has not been approved for use in deer.

Carcass Disposal
To prevent contaminating the ground with the anthrax spores or organisms, TAHC regulations require that property or livestock owners thoroughly burn carcasses of animals that may have died from anthrax.

Wear long sleeves and protect your hands with gloves, and do not move or open bloated carcasses, as this could release bacteria into the air, causing further disease spread. Do not salvage hides, horns, antlers or any other tissue from the carcasses.

If the animal was housed in a barn, burn the animal's bedding, manure and the surrounding soil. To disinfect panels, trailers or equipment, use an ammonia-based disinfectant, lebeled as effective for anthrax. Follow label directions to prevent respiratory irritation!

Pastures cannot be disinfected with chemicals. Only burning ensures that anthrax bacteria has been killed.

Due to environmental concerns, do not use heavy oils or tires to burn carcasses! Fuels permitted by the Texas Natural Resource Conservation Commission (TNRCC) include gasoline, diesel or wood. Care should be taken to keep fires from "getting out of hand."

In counties under a burn ban, burning must be coordinated with local fire authorities.

Vaccine healthy livestock and move the animals away from the carcasses, to clean pastures, if possible.

Other Safety Precautions
Wash your hands thoroughly after handling livestock. Ranchers can contract a skin form of anthrax that requires specific antibiotic treatment. See your physician if you develop a sore or lesions after handling vaccine or livestock or burning carcasses.

Keep dogs out of pastures and away from carcasses during an anthrax outbreak. Although dogs are reportedly resistant to anthrax, they can develop infection from the bacteria and may require treatment.

Do not swim in stock tanks or stagnant ponds in pastures where death losses have occurred. Streams are considered safer, as the moving water will dilute organisms. Report animal carcasses in streams or rivers to local sheriff or police departments.

During an outbreak, do not consume wild hogs shot in an affected area. Swine may have fed on carcasses. Although swine are resistant to anthrax, they may temporarily harbor the bacteria.

During cool weather, wild hogs will be free of the disease. As always, the TAHC recommends hunters wear latex gloves when processing game, to prevent potential exposure to bacteria, viruses or parasites. Thoroughly cooked meat is considered safe to eat.

Do not collect antlers, skulls or horns from animals. Anthrax can survive, even if bones are bleached.

goat diseases himalayan goat breeding farm., bungkot gorkha nepal

Anthrax
Anhrax, a highly infectious and fatal disease of cattle, is caused by a relatively large spore-forming rectangular shaped bacterium called Bacillus anthracis. Anthrax causes acute mortality in ruminants. The bacteria produce extremely potent toxins which are responsible for the ill effects, causing a high mortality rate. Signs of the illness usually appear 3 to 7 days after the spores are swallowed or inhaled. Once signs begin in animals, they usually die within two days.

Hoofed animals, such as deer, cattle, goats, and sheep, are the main animals affected by this disease. They usually get the disease by swallowing anthrax spores while grazing on pasture contaminated (made impure) with anthrax spores. Inhaling (breathing in) the spores, which are odorless, colorless, and tasteless, may also cause infection in animals and people.

Symptoms:

Sudden death (often within 2 or 3 hours of being apparently normal) is by far the most common sign;
Very occasionally some animals may show trembling, a high temperature
Difficulty breathing, collapse and convulsions before death. This usually occurs over a period of 24 hours;
After death blood, may not clot, resulting in a small amount of bloody discharge from the nose, mouth and other openings
Treatment and control

Due to the acute nature of the disease resulting in sudden death, treatment is usually not possible in animals even though Anthrax bacilli are clines. Treatment is of use in cases showing sub-acute form of the disease.
In most cases, early treatment can cure anthrax. The cutaneous (skin) form of anthrax can be treated with common antibiotics.
Preventive measures:

Regular annual vaccination of animals in endemic areas will prevent the disease from occurring.
Vaccination may be carried out at least a month prior to expected disease occurrence in endemic areas.
Never open a carcass of an animal suspected to have died from anthrax.
Contact a veterinarian immediately if the following symptoms are seen and seek advice on control measures to be adopted.

Fever (106-108°F), loss of appetite, depression and dullness
Suspended rumination3. Rapid pulse and heart rates
Difficult breathing (dyspnoea)
Lameness in affected leg
Crepitation swelling over hip, back & shoulder
Swelling is hot & painful in early stages whereas cold and painless inter.
Recumbency (prostration) followed by death within 12-48 hrs.
Black quarter (black-leg)
It is an acute infectious and highly fatal, bacterial disease of cattle. Buffaloes, sheep and goats are also affected. Young cattle between 6-24 months of age, in good body condition are mostly affected. It is soil-borne infection which generally occurs during rainy season. In India, the disease is sporadic (1-2 animal) in nature.

Causal organism: it is a bacterial disease caused by Clostridium chauvoei

Symptoms:

Fever (106-108°F), Loss of appetite, Depression and dullness
Suspended rumination
Rapid pulse and heart rates
Difficult breathing (dyspnoea)
Lameness in affected leg
Crepitation swelling over hip, back & shoulder
Swelling is hot & painful in early stages whereas cold and painless inter.
Recumbency (prostration) followed by death within 12-48 hrs.
Treatment:

Early treatment can be possible to complete cure of the animal.
Consult with veterinarian immediately.
Ethnovet practice :

The following measure is to be taken up in the month of May / June every year.

Exudates of thirugukalli (Euphorbia tirucalli), kodikalli (Sareostemma brevistigma), aththi (Ficus racemosa), banyan tree (Ficus bengalensis), madara (Calotropis gigantea) are taken at the rate of 1 to 15 drops each in a stainless-steel vessel and mixed with 50 ml of sesame oil and ragi flour are added and made into a paste. This paste is applied as dot (coin size) in each animal in the groin region. (the above material may be used for about 50 animals).

Foot and mouth disease
The foot-and-mouth disease is a highly communicable disease affecting cloven-footed animals. It is characterized by fever, formation of vesicles and blisters in the mouth, udder, teats and on the skin between the toes and above the hoofs. Animals recovered from the disease present a characteristically rough coat and deformation of the hoof.

In India, the disease is widespread and assumes a position of importance in livestock industry. The disease spreads by direct contact or indirectly through infected water, manure, hay and pastures. It is also conveyed by cattle attendants. It is known to spread through recovered animals, field rats, porcupines and birds.

Symptoms

fever with 104-105o F
profuse salivation - ropes of stringy saliva hangs from mouth
vesicles appear in mouth and in the inter digital space
lameness observed
cross bred cattle are highly susceptible to it
Treatment

the external application of antiseptics contributes to the healing of the ulcers and wards off attacks by flies.
a common and inexpensive dressing for the lesions in the feet is a mixture of coal-tar and copper sulphate in the proportion of 5:1.
Precautions

heavy milch animals and exotic breeds of cattle bred for milk should be protected regularly.
it is advisable to carry out two vaccinations at an interval of six months followed by an annual vaccination programme.
isolation and segregation of sick animals. It should be informed immediately to the veterinary doctor
disinfection of animal sheds with bleaching powder or phenol
attendants and equipment’s for sick animals should be ideally separate
the equipment’s should be thoroughly sanitized
proper disposal of left over feed by the animal
proper disposal of carcasses
control of flies
Ethnovet prevention practice:

When there is a outbreak in the nearby villages /surroundings take tulasi (Ocimum sp) leaves 100 gm, a pinch of common salt and turmeric rhizome 2 pieces and grind them. This has to be squeezed to obtain extract and administered orally. The residues left over can be used for smearing over the mouth region, foot region. This is repeated.

Rabies (Mad dog disease)
Rabies is a disease of dogs, foxes, wolves, hyaenas and in some places, it is a disease of bats which feed on blood.

The disease is passed to other animals or to people if they are bitten by an animal with rabies. The germs which cause rabies live in the saliva of the sick (rabid) animal. This is a killer disease but not every dog which bites is infected with rabies.

When the rabid animal bites another animal or human, the germs which live in its saliva pass into the body through the wound caused by the bite. The germs travel along the nerves to the brain. The time between the bite and the first appearance of signs that the bitten animal or human has been infected can take from 2 to 10 weeks or more. The time taken depends on the distance of the bite from the brain. If the bite is on the face or head, the bitten animal or human will quickly show signs, but if the bite is on the leg it will take much longer for signs to develop.

General signs of rabies

You should first look for the marks of the bite and discover where and when the animal was bitten. All rabid animals show similar signs in the beginning.

they change their normal behaviour and behave very strangely.
They stop eating or drinking.
Male animal will try to mate (mount) other animals.
there is no change in the body temperature.
These signs will continue for 3 to 5 days. Then, before it dies, the animal will develop one or the other of two types of the disease:
the furious (mad) type of the disease makes the animal aggressive and it will bite anything.
The quiet (dumb) type when the animal is quiet and does not move.
Rabies in the dog

Dogs show either of the two types of rabies.

a dog with the dumb or quiet type of the disease cannot move. It looks as if it has a bone stuck in the mouth and saliva drips from the mouth.
rabies in the dog lasts about 10 days before the animal dies. If the animal does not die after this length of time then it may not be suffering from rabies.
Rabies in sheep, goats and cattle

Rabies is characterised by the animals becoming restless and excited. They may bite themselves and saliva drips from the mouth. The most important sign in cattle is that the animal bellows (calls) very frequently and with strange sound. The animals will become paralysed and die.

Rabies in the horse and camel

The horse will show the furious (mad) type of the disease. It will kick and bite and show signs similar to colic. The animal will die after paralysis of the back legs.

In the camel the signs of rabies are similar to those shown by an animal in the rut.

What to do with a biting dog

Remember that not every dog which bites has rabies. If the dog belongs to somebody ask the owner about its normal behaviour. If the dog is showing signs of rabies you must inform your veterinary officer immediately. The dog must be shot and if it has bitten anybody, they must be taken to a hospital immediately for vaccination.

Control of rabies

Dogs in your community can be vaccinated against rabies. You should ask your veterinary service about vaccination against rabies. If there is an outbreak of rabies, the livestock in your community can be vaccinated too.

Treatment (ethnovet practices) :

Leaves of chirchra (Achyranthes aspera) 100gm and onion 50 gm are ground well and smeared over the bitten place. The extract of these ingredients is administered orally twice in a day.

Blue tongue
Bluetongue, a disease which is transmitted by midges, infects domestic and wild ruminants and also camelids, however sheep are particularly badly affected. Cattle, although infected more frequently than sheep, do not always show signs of disease. Virus spreads between animals occurs via the midges of Cullicoides species.

The likelihood of mechanical transmission between herds and flocks, or indeed within a herd or flock, by unhygienic practices (the use of contaminated surgical equipment or hypodermic needles) may be a possibility.

Clinical signs include:

Sheep : eye and nasal discharges, drooling, high body temperature, swelling in mouth, head and neck, lameness and wasting of muscles in hind legs, haemorrages into or under skin, inflammation of the coronary band, respiratory problems, fever, lethargy.

In cattle : nasal discharge, swelling of head and neck, conjunctivitis, swelling inside and ulceration of the mouth, swollen teats, tiredness, saliva drooling, fever.

Note: a blue tongue is rarely a clinical sign of infection

Control :

Inspect stock closely, particularly focusing on the lining of the mouth and nose and the coronary band (where the hoof stops and the skin starts). If an animal is suspected as having bluetongue, it must be reported as quickly as possible. Telephone your local animal health office immediately.

Preventive measures and treatment (ethovet):

Since the animal is not taking any feed the starvation may lead to death. So the animal has to be administered orally the following food. Banana fruits (one) smeared with sesame oil (50 ml) for 2 to 3 times. By this animal will recover little. However, this will not control the disease fully. Next the leaf pulp of "sothukathalai"(Aloe vera) has to be administered daily. Administering of Aloe vera has to be continued for more days till the animal fully recovers from this disease. By this treatment the infected animal will recover from the disease. The disease will not spread to other animals if all animals are administered with Aloe vera as a preventive treatment. Administering aloe vera also increases the body weight of animals as it is against all intestinal parasite.

Pox
Epidemiology : sheep-pox is a highly contagious disease. It causes a mortality of 20 to 50 per cent in animals below the age of 6 months, and causes damage to the wool and skin in adults. Of the pock diseases, sheep-pox ranks only second to human small-pox in virulence. The disease is transmissible to in-contact goats but not to other species of animals. It, however, spreads slowly.

Symptoms : The disease in characterized by high fever, and symptoms of pneumonia and acute enteritis. Skin lesions appear particularly in parts free from wool, notably around the eyes, inner side of the thigh, udder and under surface of the tail. The internal organs such as trachea, lungs, kidneys and intestines are also affected. The disease results in emaciation and, as already mentioned, frequent deaths of affected animals.

Treatment, prevention and control :

The diseased animal should be treated with palliatives. In the young ones nursing is more important than medication. The infected litter should be burnt and the bedding changed every day. Affected animals should be kept on soft diet. The ulcers on the skin should be washed with potassium permanganate lotion and dusted with boric acid; strict hygienic measures should be adopted.

Preventive measures and treatment (ethnovet):

External application of paste prepared by grinding neem leaves, tulsi leaves each 100 gm and turmeric powder- 50gm sprinkled with sufficient water. Continue for 3 to 5 days. Administer orally the same mixture by diluting with water.

Brucellosis of sheep
Transmission : The mode of entry is by ingestion or via conjunctiva. The aborted foetus, vaginal discharge and milk from infected goats contain a large number or organisms.

Symptoms in infected goats and sheep state of abortion may occur followed by a quiescent period during which a few abortions occur. The aborted animals do not breed. After 2 years or more another abortion storm is likely to occur.

Diagnosis, treatment and control:

It is not possible to diagnose brucellosis on the basis of symptoms alone. The suspicion is aroused when humans in contact suffer from undulant fever and there is poor breeding record in goat herd and evidence of mastitis. The diagnosis can be done by the isolation of organisms and by serological tests.

There is no adequate treatment:

This is based on hygiene, vaccination, testing and disposal. Good management practice is essential. Separate quarters should be provided for kidding. Immunization can be done with attenuated as well as killed vaccines. The test and disposal procedure is highly desirable.

Tetanus
This is an infectious, non-febrile disease of animals and man, and is characterized by spasmodic tetany and hyperaesthesia. This disease is prevalent all over the world.

Transmission : Infection takes place by contamination of wounds. Deep punctured wounds provide favourable conditions for the spores to germinate, multiply and produce toxin which is subsequently absorbed in the animal body. The micro-organism is present in soil and in animal faeces, and is carried into the wound by a penetrating object. The organism is present in the intestine of normal animals, and under some undetermined conditions multiplies rapidly and produces toxin in sufficient quantities to be absorbed and cause the disease.

Symptoms : The incubation period is generally 1-2 weeks but it may be as short as 3 days. Tetanus affects many species of domesticated animals but occurs particularly in horses and lambs; less frequently in adult sheep, goats, cattle, pigs, dog and cats; and rarely in poultry. The initial symptoms are mild stiffness and an unwillingness to move all the animals. More severe symptoms develop after 12-24 hours which are stiffness of limbs, neck, head, tail and twitching of muscles. The spasms develop in response to noise. In terminal stages ears are erect, nostrils dilated, nictitating membrane protruded. Mastication becomes very difficult because mouth cannot be opened, hence the name lockjaw.

Treatment : The treatment is carried out by first injecting antitoxin then treating the wound. Penicillin parenterally is beneficial. Muscular relaxation is achieved by injection of relaxants. The animal should be kept in a dark room and fed with the help of stomach tube.

Control : Proper hygiene and cleanliness at castration and other surgical procedures should be observed. Sheep should be given 2 injections based 3 weeks apart to develop a solid immunity.

Listeriosis
Transmission : The organisms are excreted in the faeces, urine, aborted foetuses, uterine discharge and milk of infected animals. The organisms are sufficiently resistant to remain viable in animal and human faeces, sewage, soil, silage and dust foe several weeks and months. The blood sucking arthropods may spread infection since organisms have been isolated from cattle ticks and tabanid flies. Under natural conditions certain predisposing factors are related to clinical infection.

Symptoms : In farm animals the disease occurs towards the end of winter or early spring. The first signs of meningo- encephalitis are stiffness of neck, incoordinated movement of limbs and tendency to move in circles or to lean against a fence or wall. There may be paralysis of muscles of jaw and pharynx. Incoordination becomes progressively more severe until the animal can no longer stand. The cattle which are not severely affected may survive. Abortions in cattle usually occur after 4-8 months of pregnancy and at a comparatively later stage in sheep. In pigs and horses, clinical signs are not common but may develop as encephalitis and septicaemia. In poultry, the disease usually causes sudden death, occasionally there are signs of torticollis, weakness and inco-ordination of the legs.

Treatment : Tetracyclines are very effective in meningo-encephalities of cattle less so in sheep. The recovery rate depends on the speed with which the treatment is commenced.

Control : When outbreaks occur all affected animals should be slaughtered and buried along with litter and bedding. The vaccines, living or killed, have little effect on the pathogenesis of infection under natural conditions, tetracycline’s are very effective for treatment of listeriosis.

Campylobactor abortion (vibriosis)
Transmission : transmission occurs by coitus. The affected bulls carry the organisms in preputial cavity indefinitely. Mature cows and heifers also carry the infection for long periods. Infected semen from an infected bull is the important means of the disease. The organism survives low temperature used in semen storage.

Symptoms : infertility may cause become apparent only when the percentage of pregnancies in a dairy herd is low. The infertility rate in heifers is more than in cows. Abortions usually occur between fifth and sixth month of pregnancy. Infected bulls show no symptoms and their semen is normal. Healthy bulls become infected during coitus with diseased cow. Among sheep the disease is characterized by abortion occurring towards the end of gestation. Usually abortion is preceded by vaginal discharge for several days. The aborted foetus is edematous with petechial hemorrhages on serous surfaces and necrotic foci in the liver.

Control ; abortion rate can be reduced by antibiotic therapy, and particularly by using chlortetracycline and concurrently with the development of specific immunity. The use of killed vaccines may reduce the incidence of disease in a herd but does not eradicate the infection. The bulls can be treated by injecting antibiotic cream in the prepuce. There is no direct treatment of females.

Johne`s disease
Johne`s disease is a specific chronic contagious enteritis of cattle, sheep, goat, buffaloes and occasionally of pigs. The disease is characterized by progressive emaciation and in cattle and buffaloes by chronic diarrhea and thickening of the intestine.

Transmission under natural conditions the disease spread by ingestion of feed and water contaminated by the faeces of infected animals. The infection occurs mostly in the early month of life. The incubation period extends from 12 months to several years. The animal aged 3 to 6 years mostly suffer from the disease. Affected animals may not show clinical symptoms continue to discharge organisms in faeces. The organisms persist in pastures for about 1 year. The organisms are susceptible to sunlight, drying and high ph of soil; continuous contact of urine with faeces reduces the life of bacteria. In cattle clinical signs appear mainly during 2-6 years of age. The infected animals which are apparently healthy, often show clinical signs after parturition.

Treatment the organisms is more resistant to chemotherapeutic agents invitro than mycotuberculosis. Because of this the practical utility of treatment in clinical cases is poor.

Control the affected animal should be segregated and their faeces properly disposed off. Alive vaccine has been developed. It reduces the incidence of clinical disease. It consists of a non-pathogenic strain of jhone`s bacillus with an adjuvant. The calves soon after birth are inoculated with vaccine subcontaneously. The vaccinated animals become reactors of jhonin. Vaccination is generally done in heavily infected herds.

Bovine ephemeral fever
Bovine ephemeral fever is an insect-transmitted, noncontagious, viral disease of cattle and water buffalo that is seen in Africa, the middle east, Australia, and Asia.

Etiology and epidemiology

Bovine ephemeral fever virus (befv) is classified as a member of the genus Ephemerovirus in the family Rhabdoviridae (single-stranded, negative sense rna)

The prevalence, geographic range, and severity of the disease vary from year to year, and epidemics occur periodically. During epidemics, onset is rapid; many animals are affected within days or 2–3 wk. Bovine ephemeral fever is most prevalent in the wet season in the tropics and in summer to early autumn in the subtropics or temperate regions (when conditions favor multiplication of biting insects); it disappears abruptly in winter. Virus spread appears to be limited by latitude rather than topography or availability of susceptible hosts. Morbidity may be as high as 80%; overall mortality is usually 1%–2%, although it can be higher in lactating cows, bulls in good condition, and fat steers (10%–30%).

Clinical findings

Signs, which occur suddenly and vary in severity, can include biphasic to polyphasic fever (40°–42°C [104°–107.6° F), shivering, inappetence, lacrimation, serous nasal discharge, drooling, increased heart rate, tachypnea or dyspnea, atony of forestomachs, depression, stiffness and lameness, and a sudden decrease in milk yield.

Affected cattle may become recumbent and paralyzed for 8 hr to >1 wk. After recovery, milk production often fails to return to normal levels until the next lactation. Abortion, with total loss of the season's lactation, occurs in  about 5% of cows pregnant for 8–9 months. The virus does not appear to cross the placenta or affect the fertility of the cow. Bulls, heavy cattle, and high-lactating dairy cows are the most severely affected, but spontaneous recovery usually occurs within a few days. More insidious losses may result from decreased muscle mass and lowered fertility in bulls.

Lesions
The most common lesions include polyserositis affecting pleural, pericardial, and peritoneal surfaces; serofibrinous polysynovitis, polyarthritis, polytendinitis, and cellulitis; and focal necrosis of skeletal muscles. Generalized edema of lymph nodes and lungs, as well as atelectasis, also may be present.

Treatment and control

Complete rest is the most effective treatment, and recovering animals should not be stressed or worked because relapse is likely. Anti-inflammatory drugs given early and in repeated doses for 2–3 days are effective. Oral dosing should be avoided unless the swallowing reflex is functional. Signs of hypocalcemia are treated as for milk fever. Antibiotic treatment to control secondary infection and rehydration with isotonic fluids may be warranted.

Rinderpest
Rinderpest is the most destructive of the virus diseases of cloven-footed animals, such as cattle, buffaloes, sheep, goats, pigs and wild ruminants. The virus is found notable in the saliva, discharge from eyes and nostrils, and in the urine and faeces. It is present in the circulating blood during the febrile stage and is later concentrated in different organs, especially in the spleen, lymph nodes and liver. Outside the animal body, the virus is rapidly destroyed by direct sunlight and disinfectants. Cold preserves the virus. The virus is usually spread by contaminated feed and water. Rise in temperature up to 104 – 107 degree F. Lacrimation and redness of eye. Foul odour from mouth. Discrete necrotic foci develop in the buccal mucosa, inside lip, and on the tongue. Bloody mucoid diarrhea is noticed

Treatment:

Symptomatic treatment can be help early cure of the animals. Consult with veterinary doctor

Mastitis
Mastitis, or inflammation of the mammary gland, is the most common and the most expensive disease of dairy cattle throughout most of the world. Although stress and physical injuries may cause inflammation of the gland, infection by invading bacteria or other microorganisms (fungi, yeasts and possibly viruses) is the primary cause of mastitis. Infections begin when microorganisms penetrate the teat canal and multiply in the mammary gland.

Treatment

success depends on the nature of the aetiological agent involved, the severity of the disease and the extent of fibrosis.
complete recovery with freedom from bacterial infection can be obtained in cases of recent infection and in those where fibrosis has taken place only to a small extent.
such drugs as acriflavine, gramicidin and tyrothricin have now ceased to be in use, and have given place to the more effective drugs, such as sulphonamides, penicillin and streptomycin.
Footrot
Foot rot is a common cause of lameness in cattle and occurs most frequently when cattle on pasture are forced to walk through mud to obtain water and feed. However, it may occur among cattle in paddocks as well, under apparently excellent conditions. Foot rot is caused when a cut or scratch in the skin allows infection to penetrate between the claws or around the top of the hoof. Individual cases should be kept in a dry place and treated promptly with medication as directed by a veterinarian. If the disease becomes a herd problem a foot bath containing a 5% solution of copper sulphate placed where cattle are forced to walk though it once or twice a day will help to reduce the number of new infections. In addition, drain mud holes and cement areas around the water troughs where cattle are likely to pick up the infection. Keep pens and areas where cattle gather as clean as possible. Proper nutrition regarding protein, minerals and vitamins will maximize hoof health.

Bovine rhinotracheitis
Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (ibr) is a highly contagious, infectious respiratory disease that is caused by bovine herpesvirus-1 (bhv-1). It can affect young and older cattle. In addition to causing respiratory disease, this virus can cause conjunctivitis, abortions, encephalitis, and generalised systemic infections. Ibr is characterized by acute inflammation of the upper respiratory tract.

Treatment

There is no direct treatment for viral diseases. Infected animals should be isolated from the rest of the herd and treated with anti-inflammatory drugs and antibiotics for secondary infections if necessary. Carrier cattle should be identified and removed from the herd.

Prevention

Control of the disease is based on the use of vaccines.

Piglet diarrhea or scour
Of all the diseases in the sucking piglet, diarrhea is the most common and probably the most important. In some outbreaks, it is responsible for high morbidity and mortality. The main bacterial causes are E. Coli and Clostridia and the main parasite is Coccidia.

Clinical signs

Scour in the piglet can occur at any age during sucking but there are often two peak periods, before 5 days and between 7 and 14 days.

Acute disease

The only sign may be a perfectly good pig found dead. Post-mortem examinations show severe acute enteritis, so sudden that there may be no evidence of scour externally. Clinically affected piglets huddle together shivering or lie in a corner. The skin around the rectum and tail will be wet. Look around the pen for evidence of a watery to salad cream consistency scour. In many cases, there is a distinctive smell. As the diarrhea progresses the piglet becomes dehydrated, with sunken eyes and a thick leathery skin. The scour often sticks to the skin of other piglets giving them an orange to white color.

Prior to death piglets may be found on their sides paddling and frothing at the mouth.

Sub-acute disease:

The symptoms are similar but the effects on the piglet are less dramatic, more prolonged and mortality tends to be lower. This type of scour is often seen between 7 to 14 days of age manifest by a watery to thin salad cream consistency diarrhea, often white to yellow in color.

Treatment

in severe outbreaks of E. Coli disease the sows feed can be top dressed with the appropriate antibiotic daily, from entry into the farrowing house and for up to 14 days post-farrowing. This can be effective in reducing bacterial output in the sows faeces.
observe litters for the presence of diarrhea both night and morning.
study the history of the disease on your farm. Is it sporadic, in one piglet in a litter, or total litters?
in the light of the history either treat the individual pig or on the first signs of disease treat the whole litter.
if a litter is badly scoured dose night and morning for a minimum of two days.
assess the response to treatment. If there is no change within 12 hours, then change to another medicine as advised by your veterinarian.
always treat piglets less than 7 days of age by mouth.
for older pigs where the disease is less acute injections are equally effective and easier to administer.
provide electrolytes in drinkers. These prevent dehydration and maintain body electrolyte balances.
cover the pen, the creep area and where the pigs defecate with straw, shredded paper, shavings or sawdust.
provide an additional lamp to provide an extra source of heat.
use binding agents such as chalk, kaolin or activated attapulgite to absorb toxins from the gut.
Management control and prevention

adopt procedures to prevent the spread of the scour - disinfect boots between pens, use a disposable plastic apron when dosing piglets to prevent heavy contamination of clothing, wash hands after handling a scoured litter, disinfect brushes and shovels between pen.
ensure that farrowing houses are only used on an all-in all-out basis with a pressure wash and disinfection between each batch.
farrowing pens must be dry before the house is repopulated. Remember that moisture, warmth, waste food and faeces are ideal for bacterial multiplication.
pen floors should be well maintained. Poor pen hygiene associated with bad drainage predisposes to scour.
look carefully at the part of the pen floor where there are piglet faeces. Is this poorly drained? Do large wet patches develop? If so cover them with extra bedding daily and remove. This is a most important aspect of control.
check nipple drinkers and feeding troughs for leakages.
ensure that faeces are removed daily from behind the sow from the day she enters the farrowing crates until at least 7 days post-farrowing if the floors are slatted. Also remove faeces daily throughout lactation if they are solid concrete.
maintain creep environments that are always warm and comfortable. Fluctuating temperatures are a major trigger factor to scour particularly from 7 to 14 days of age.
consider vaccinating against E. Coli (make sure first that this is the cause of the problem however). E. Coli vaccines only protect the piglet for the first 5 to 7 days of age.
assess the environment of all the farrowing house. Poor environments allow heavy bacterial multiplication and a much higher bacterial challenge is likely to break down the colostral immunity.
check the sow's health. Animals affected with enteric or respiratory disease, lameness or mastitis predispose the litter to scour.
where farrowing house floors are very poor, pitted and difficult to clean, brush them over with lime wash containing a phenolic disinfectant.
Colostrum management : it is vital that the piglet receives the maximum amount of colostrum within the first 12 hours of birth. High levels of antibody are only absorbed during this period. Factors such as poor teat access, poor crate design, and particularly the development of agalactia in the sow, associated with udder oedema, reduce intake.
PPR (goat plague)
PPR (Peste des petits ruminants) is a most important viral disease of goat capable of heavy mortality and commonly called as goat plague.

Etiology

The causative virus was first thought to be an aberrant strain of rinderpest virus that had lost its ability to infect cattle. Later molecular studies showed that it was distinct from, but closely related to, rinderpest virus.

Clinical signs:

The clinical sign of PPR in goats is often fulminating and fatal although apparent infection occurs in endemic areas. Incubation period may range from 2-6 days in field conditions. In acute form, there is sudden onset of fever with rectal temperature of at least 40°- 41°C. The affected goats show dullness, sneezing, serous discharge from the eyes and nostrils. During this stage farmers often think that the animal has developed cold exposure and may attempt to provide protection for cold. In the process goats, may be congregated and accentuate the process of transmission. After 2-3 days, discrete lesions develop in the mouth and extend over the entire oral mucosa, forming diphtheric plaques.

During this stage profound halitosis (foul smell) is easily appreciable and the animal is unable to eat due to sore mouth and swollen lips. Latter ocular discharge becomes mucopurulent and the exudate dries up, matting the eyelids and partially occluding the nostrils. Diarrhea develops 3-4 days after the fever and is profuse and faeces may be mucoid or bloody depending upon the damage. Dyspnea and coughing occur later due to secondary pneumonia. Death occurs within one week of the onset of the illness.

Treatment and control:

No specific treatment is recommended for ppr being viral disease. However, mortality rates can be reduced by the use of drugs that control the bacterial and parasitic complications. Specifically, oxytetracycline and chlortetracycline are recommended to prevent secondary pulmonary infections. Lesions around the eyes, nostrils and mouth should be cleaned twice daily with sterile cotton swab. Our experience indicates that fluid therapy and anti-microbial such as enrofloxacin or ceftiofur on recommended doses along with mouth wash with 5% boro-glycerine can be of benefit in reducing the mortality during outbreak of ppr in goats. Health workers should inspect first the unaffected goats followed by treatment of affected goats. Immediate isolation of affected goats from clinically healthy goats is most importance measure in controlling the spread of infection. Nutritious soft, moist, palatable diet should be given to the affected goats. Provide parenteral energy infusion in anorectic goats along with appetizers.

Immediately measures should be taken for notification of disease to nearest government veterinary hospital. Carcasses of affected goats should be burned or buried. Proper disposal of contact fomites, decontamination is must. Vaccination is the most effective way to control ppr.

Bovine babesiosis (tick fever)
Cause

Bovine babesiosis (bb) is a tick-borne disease of cattle. Transmission of b bovis takes place when engorging adult female ticks pick up the infection. They pass it on to their progeny via their eggs. Larvae (or seed ticks) then pass it on in turn when feeding on another animal. B bigemina is also passed from one generation of ticks to the next. Engorging adult ticks pick up the infection and nymphal and adult stages (not larval stages) of the next generation pass it on to other cattle. Morbidity and mortality vary greatly and are influenced by prevailing treatments employed in an area, previous exposure to a species/strain of parasite, and vaccination status. In endemic areas, cattle become infected at a young age and develop a long-term immunity. However, outbreaks can occur in these endemic areas if exposure to ticks by young animals is interrupted or immuno-naïve cattle are introduced. The introduction of babesia infected ticks into previously tick-free areas may also lead to outbreaks of disease.

Symptoms:

high fever
neurologic signs such as incoordination, teeth grinding and mania. Some cattle may be found on the ground with the involuntary movements of the legs. When the nervous symptoms of cerebral babesiosis develop, the outcome is almost always fatal.
dark colored urine
anorexia
animals likely to separate from herd, be weak, depressed and reluctant to move
n b. Bigemina parasitaemia often exceeds 10 per cent and may be as high as 30 per cent.
Clinical symptoms for babesia divergens are similar to b. Bigemina infections. The survivors may be weak and in reduced condition, although they usually recover fully. Subacute infections, with less apparent clinical signs, are also seen.

Treatment

Mild cases may recover without treatment. Sick animals can be treated with an antiparasitic drug. Treatment is most likely to be successful if the disease is diagnosed early; it may fail if the animal has been weakened by anemia. Imidocarb has been reported to protect animals from disease but immunity can develop. There are also concerns with regard to residues in milk and meat. In some cases blood transfusions and other supportive therapy should be considered.

Prevention

Effective control of tick fevers has been achieved by a combination of measures directed at both the disease and the tick vector. Tick control by acaracide dipping is widely used in endemic areas. Dipping may be done as frequently as every 4-6 weeks in heavily infested areas. The occurrence of resistance of ticks, chemical residues in cattle and environmental concerns over the continued use of insecticides has led to use of integrated strategies for tick control. Babesiosis vaccines are readily available and are highly effective. Anti-tick vaccines are also available in some countries and can be used as part of an integrated program for the control of ticks. Babesiosis can be eradicated by eliminating the host tick(s). In the us, this was accomplished by treating all cattle every two to three weeks with acaricides. In countries where eradication is not feasible, tick control can reduce the incidence of disease.

Treatment for control of tick (ethnovet):

Mix common salt and few camphor in castor oil or neem oil and apply over the affected area. Whole plant extract of ghaner (lantana camara) should be diluted with the urine of cattle and apply externally. Boil 250 gm of tobacco in 2 litres of water and add 5 litres of water and sprayed over the body of 10-20 animals.

Theileriosis
Theileriases are a group of tickborne diseases caused by theileria spp. Both theileria and babesia are members of the suborder piroplasmorina. Although babesia are primarily parasites of rbcs, theileria use, successively, wbcs and rbcs for completion of their life cycle in mammalian hosts. The infective sporozoite stage of the parasite is transmitted in the saliva of infected ticks as they feed. Sporozoites invade leukocytes and, within a few days, develop to schizonts. In the most pathogenic species of theileria (eg, t parva and t annulata), parasite multiplication occurs predominantly within the host wbcs, whereas less pathogenic species multiply mainly in rbcs. Development of the schizont stage of pathogenic theileria causes the host wbc to divide; at each cell division, the parasite also divides. Mortality in such stock is relatively low, but introduced cattle are particularly vulnerable. Unlike in babesiosis, in theileriasis there is no evidence of increased resistance in calves <6 mo old.

East coast fever
East coast fever, an acute disease of cattle, is usually characterized by high fever, swelling of the lymph nodes, dyspnea, and high mortality. Caused by theileria parva, and transmitted by the tick vector rhipicephalus appendiculatus, it is a serious problem in east and southern africa.

Etiology and transmission

The african buffalo (syncerus caffer) is an important wildlife reservoir of t parva, but infection is asymptomatic in buffalo. T parva transmitted by ticks from either cattle or buffalo cause severe disease in cattle, but buffalo-derived parasites differentiate poorly to merozoites in cattle and generally are not transmitted by ticks. Hence, buffalo t parva are maintained as a separate population. Buffalo t parvawere previously considered a separate subspecies (t parva lawrencei), but dna typing indicate that the cattle and buffalo parasites are a single species. T parva is usually highly pathogenic, causing high levels of mortality, although some less pathogenic isolates have been identified.

Pathogenesis, clinical findings, and diagnosis

T parva sporozoites are injected into cattle by infected vector ticks. An occult phase of 5–10 days follows before infected lymphocytes can be detected in giemsa-stained smears of cells aspirated from the local draining lymph node. Subsequently, the number of parasitized cells increases rapidly throughout the lymphoid system, and from about day 14 onward, cells undergoing merogony are observed. This is associated with widespread lymphocytolysis, marked lymphoid depletion, and leukopenia. Piroplasms in rbcs infected by the resultant merozoites assume various forms, but typically they are small and rod-shaped or oval.

Clinical signs vary according to the level of challenge, and they range from in apparent or mild to severe and fatal. Typically, fever occurs 7–10 days after parasites are introduced by feeding ticks, continues throughout the course of infection, and may be >106°f (41°c). Lymph node swelling becomes pronounced and generalized. Lymphoblasts in giemsa-stained smears of needle aspirates from lymph nodes contain multinuclear schizonts. Anorexia develops, and the animal rapidly loses condition; lacrimation and nasal discharge may occur. Terminally, dyspnea is common. Just before death, a sharp decrease in body temperature is usual, and pulmonary exudate pours from the nostrils. Death usually occurs 18–24 days after infection. The most striking postmortem lesions are lymph node enlargement and massive pulmonary edema and hyperemia. Hemorrhages are common on the serosal and mucosal surfaces of many organs, sometimes together with obvious areas of necrosis in the lymph nodes and thymus. Anemia is not a major diagnostic sign (as it is in babesiosis) because there is minimal division of the parasites in rbcs, and thus no massive destruction of them.

Animals that recover are immune to subsequent challenge with the same strains but may be susceptible to some heterologous strains. Most recovered or immunized animals remain carriers of the infection.

Treatment and control

Treatment with parvaquone and its derivative buparvaquone is highly effective when administered in the early stages of clinical disease but is less effective in the advanced stages, in which there is extensive destruction of lymphoid and hematopoietic tissues. Immunization of cattle against t parva using an infection-and-treatment procedure is practical and continues to gain acceptance in some regions. The components for this procedure are a cryopreserved sporozoite stabilate of the appropriate strain(s) oftheileria derived from infected ticks and a single dose of long-acting oxytetracycline given simultaneously; although oxytetracycline has little therapeutic effect when administered after development of disease, it inhibits development of the parasite when given at the outset of infection. Cattle should be immunized 3–4 wk before being allowed on infected pasture. Parasitized bovine cells containing the schizont stage of t parva and t annulata can be cultivated in vitro as continuously growing cell lines. In the case of t annulata, cattle can be infected with a few thousand cultured cells. Attenuated strains produced by serial passage of such cultures form the basis of live vaccines used in several countries, including israel, iran, india, and the former ussr.

Incidence of east coast fever can be reduced by rigid tick control, but this is not feasible in many areas because of cost and the high frequency of acaricidal treatment required.

Ringworm
This is the most common infectious skin disease affecting beef cattle. It is caused by a fungus, and is transmissible to man. Typically, the disease appears as crusty grey patches usually in the region of the head and neck and particularly around the eyes.

As a first step in controlling the disease, it is recommended that, whenever possible, affected animals should be segregated and their pens or stalls cleaned and disinfected. Clean cattle which have been in contact with the disease should be watched closely for the appearance of lesions and treated promptly. Proper nutrition, particularly high levels of vitamin a, copper and zinc while not a cure, will help to raise the resistance of the animal and in so doing offer some measure of control. Contact your vet and or feed store for products to treat this disease. Using a wormer like ivomec will kill lice and help prevent cattle from scratching causing skin damage and a place for the fungus to enter.

Milk fever
Milk fever, also known as Parturient hypocalcaemia and parturient paresis, is a disease which has assumed considerable importance with the development of heavy milking cows. Decrease in the levels of ionized calcium in tissue fluids is basically the cause of the disease. In all adult cows, there is a fall in serum-calcium level with the onset of lactation at calving. The disease usually occurs in 5 to 10-year-old cows, and is chiefly caused by a sudden decrease in blood-calcium level, generally within 48 hours after calving.

Symptoms

in classical cases, hypocalcaemia is the cause of clinical symptoms. Hypophosphataemia and variations in the concentration of serum-magnesium may play some subsidiary role.
the clinical symptoms develop usually in one to three days after calving. They are characterized by loss of appetite, constipation and restlessness, but there is no rise in temperature.
Calf scour
Calves may develop scours due to bacterial or virus infections. Scours is known as "calf scours" or neonatal calf diarrhea. The primary causes of scours include: Rota virus,  Corona virus, Cryptosporidium parvum, Salmonella and Escherichia coli.

Determine if treatment is required. Calves that are moving around in the pasture, with their tails up, probably do not need treatment. Check to see if the diarrhea is yellow or white. If this is the case, treatment is probably not needed.
Determine if the calf is looking listless. Calves that are lethargic or not participating much in the playful activities with other calves are a red flag to pay attention to. Calves that are also losing condition are also cause for alarm.
Check to see if the calf is dehydrated. You can check for dehydration by pulling on the calf's neck skin. If the skin "tents" this is a sign of dehydration.
Determine the calf's body temperature. A normal body temperature ranges from 100.5 °f (38.1 °c) to 102.5 °f (39.2 °c). Anything outside of this range is a sign for treatment.
Separate the sick calf or calves from the healthy herd. You'll want to do this to avoid spreading the disease further.
Administer fluids using your veterinarian-approved electrolyte solution. You may need to inject the fluids via iv or orally.
Follow appropriate nursing care protocol using your vet's guidelines. This may include providing shelter, feed and a warm place to sleep.
A drawback from providing shelter is maintaining infectious control. You will have to work extra to get rid of soiled bedding and disinfect everything that a calf will touch, from the floor to the fence panels and even the feed bucket.
Enthnovet practice: Ingredients needed: vasambu (Acorus calamus) leaves 2 numbers, dried ginger (Zingiber officinale) 50 gm, guava (Psidium guajava) tender leaves 200 gm. The above materials are ground and made into a bolus and administered orally one or two times.

himalayan goat breeding farm., bungkot gorkha nepal

Disease	Symptoms	Prevention
BACTERIAL DISEASES
Anthrax	Sudden fever and death Dark color bloody discharge from the natural orifice such as nose, anus and vagina	Vaccination once in a year in affected area Disposal of carcass either by burying or burning Don’t open the carcass as the germ spread through air
Haemorrhagic Septicemia	Fever, dysentery, swelling of lower mandible and death More occurrence in rainy season	Vaccinate the animal once in a year before onset of rainy season
Brucellosis	Abortion during late pregnancy, infertility, scrotal swelling in male, joint swelling	Disposal of dead foetus and placenta Use gloves while handling infected items as it affect human beings
Enterotoxaemia	Sudden death in young growing kids. Mucous diarrhea may also seen during death	Vaccinate the animals once in a year before the onset of monsoon Don’t feed on young grass
Pneumonia	Fever, respiratory distress, mucous discharge from nostril, reduced feed intake and weight gain, cough	Clean water, well ventilated house
Foot rot	Wound in foot region	Keep the animal in dry clean house
Mastitis	Swelling of udder, change in milk	Clean shed, wash the udder with disinfectant solution
VIRAL DISEASES
Peste Des Petits Ruminants (PPR)	Fever, Occular and nasal mucous discharge, mouth lesion, respiratory distress	Yearly vaccination Separation of infected one from healthy animals
Foot and Mouth Disease	Fever, wound lesion in foot and mouth, excess salivary secretion, difficult in walking	First vaccination at 3rd moth and then once in 4-6 months interval
Goat pox	Fever, Occular and nasal mucous discharge, respiratory distress, pox lesion in un hairy parts such as lips, thigh udder etc	Yearly vaccination (Optional)
Endo-parasitic diseases
Fluke infection	Emaciation, anaemia, edema in lower jaw	Control of snails, avoid grazing in early morning and late evening, deworming of animals periodically
Tape worm	Reduced growth, fever, kid mortality	Deworming of animals periodically
Round worm	Fever, anaemia, edema in lower jaw, reduced growth	deworming of animals periodically
Coccidiosis	Blood tinged brownish diarrhea, anaemia, kid mortality	Clean house, spray of 10% ammonia solution, administration of anticoccidial drugs
Ecto-parasitic infestation
Tick, lice etc	Reduced growth, skin allergy and wound	Clean house, periodical dipping

himalayan goat breeding farm., bungkot gorkha nepal

• 1 - Labial dermatitis: This occur due to remains of milk residue around the mouth of pan-fed goat kids, skin becomes hard, cracked, leave disfigured area. Treated with Betnovate cream (Glaxo) or gell, correct the situation.
• 2 - Labial and interdigital dermatitis: This developed after eating plants like, nettles, ragwort azaleas or may be due to Tromboild species mites attacks. Lanoline and petroleum jelly helps, in case of mites Malathion 0.5% spray will help.
• 3 - Pustular dermatitis: This occurs on the teats and udder so udder covered with pus-filled eruption of staphylococcus aureus, it is treated by Phisohex which will break the pustules, clean with dettol, also Betamethasone cream helps to heal the damage skin.
• 4 - Allergic dermatitis: This happen due to mosquito or wasps bites to the skin area like udder and vulva. Treatment with protective cream application.
• 5 - Mange mite: Demodex and psoroptes results into intense itchy dermatitis. Treated with malathion and diazinon 10:1 as 1% solution.

• 1 - Blepharitis: In this case inflammation of the eye lids have seen , with continual ocular discharge, eye should be washed with sodium sulphacetamid 2% solution, twice a day. Blepharitis occur with entropion, that is a hereditary defect, it can be cured by survey.
• 2 - Conjunctivitis: This situation occur due to foreign body like seeds, grass, thorns touch the cornea, which become swollen and reddish. This can easily be cure by washing the eye with normal saline solution (1 level teaspoon of salt plus 600ml of worm water).
• 3 - Pink-eye. Is a contagious opthalmia, animals affected by mycoplasmosis, then ocular discharge also be seen. First eyes are washed with saline water, then treatment with 2% sodium sulphacetamide or Terramycin aerosol drops used in large herds. Individual animal is given Gentamycin drops, 2 drops twice a day.

• Benign foot rot (U strains including mild U5 strains).
• Virulent foot rot (mild “S” strain also hot U5 strains).
• Virulent foot rot (more virulent “S” strains).